The rich and complex Aztec culture has left behind an impressive legacy of myths and legends in which animals played key roles. In Aztec mythology, animals were not simply earthly creatures, but powerful symbols, extensions of the gods themselves, and spiritual guides for the Mesoamerican peoples.
The foundations of Aztec mythology
Aztec mythology, deeply rooted in the cosmological beliefs of this ancient people, reflected their understanding of the world and the universe. The interactions between men and gods, often depicted through stories vibrant with magic and supernatural forces, were inseparable from their traditions and everyday practices.
Their symbolic universe revealed itself to be a complex panorama of myths in which every element, from the tiniest insect to the highest mountain, occupied a determined and significant place.
Mythical animals and their symbolism
The feathered serpent (Quetzalcoatl)
- Legends and origins_: Quetzalcoatl, or "precious feathered serpent", is one of the best-known deities of Aztec mythology. He was associated with creation, fertility and wisdom.
- Significations and representations_: Recognized for his ability to unite heaven and earth, Quetzalcoatl was often represented as a bridge between the material and spiritual worlds.
The jaguar (Tezcatlipoca)
- Link to divinity_: Tezcatlipoca, often associated with the night and witchcraft, was closely linked to the image of the jaguar, an animal renowned for its strength and agility.
- Symbolisms and worship_: The jaguar symbolized power and the ability to navigate through darkness, both literally and metaphorically.
The eagle
- Role in the creation of Tenochtitlan_: The mythical founding of Tenochtitlan is based on the vision of an eagle perched on a cactus, devouring a snake, an omen that guided the Aztecs to their future capital.
- Values and identity_: The eagle represented courage, foresight and elevation, embodying the fighting spirit and vision of the Aztec people.
The coyote (Huehuecoyotl)
- The god of mischief and dance: Huehuecoyotl was the deity of pleasure, mischief and music, often depicted as a coyote, cunning and mischievous.
- Cultural representations_: Despite his prankster side, this god also taught wisdom through lessons hidden in his jokes.
Other notable animals
- The rabbit (Mayahuel and the moon): Associated with the goddess Mayahuel and the moon, the rabbit symbolized fertility and abundance.
- Dog (Xolotl)_: The animal companion in life and death, guiding souls to the afterlife.
- The hummingbird: associated with the sun and war, it was a symbol of resurrection and bravery.
Functions and uses of animal representations
Animal representations were omnipresent in rituals and sacrifices, embodying channels of communication with the divine. As symbols of power and status, they marked identity and social hierarchy. These animals also carried within them teachings and morals, transmitting values and warnings to future generations.
Contemporary impact and legacy
Today, the influence of Aztec mythology endures in contemporary art and culture, inspiring eclectic works ranging from paintings to films. The preservation of mythological heritage is essential to understanding modern Mexican cultural identity, where Aztec animal symbols continue to be emblems of pride and belonging.
In short, the animals depicted in Aztec mythology reveal the richness of this ancient people's connection with the natural world and the forces of the universe. This mythological heritage is an invaluable part of Mexico's cultural heritage, having a considerable impact on the identity and creativity that are still evident today.